SYLLABUS- MAINS - Geography (Optional)



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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH EAST INDIA

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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH EAST INDIA The North East India region is physiographically not a homogenous unit and the present configuration of this region has taken shape during geologically recent time. But the ultimate result of various geological events took place through the geological past. North East India consists of very ancient Archaean and Shillong series rocks exposed in several parts of the Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Karbi Hills. These rocks are similar to rocks exposed in the rest of the peninsular in Bengal and Bihar of which this was a part at one geological time. All these old rocks form the basement for very much younger Tertiary sediments in upper Assam.    A large part of this region was a landmass upto the formation of the Himalayas about 2,000 million years ago. Then the eastern part of the Khasi Hills, the Jaintia Hills and the Western pat of the Karbi Hills became a basin of sedimentation in which sandstone and shales of the Shillong series were deposited. Due
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India-Physiography-Northern and Northeastern Mountains

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Northern and Northeastern Mountains    The Northern and the Northeastern Mountains consist of the Himalayas and the Northeastern hills.   The Himalayan Ranges  include  the  Greater Himalaya,  Lesser/Middle Himalaya, and the Siwalik Range.   Based on relief, alignment of ranges and other geomorphological features, the Himalayas can be divided into the following sub-divisions:   Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas    Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas    Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas    Arunachal Himalayas    Eastern Hills and Mountains.  1) Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas  Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas consist of a series of ranges such as the Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar, and Pir Panjal. Important glaciers of South Asia, i.e., the Baltoro and Siachen are found in the Northwestern Himalayan region. The Kashmir Himalayas are also popular for the Karewa formations, which are useful for the cultivation of Zafran, a local variety of saffron. Karewas are the thic
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INDIA-BIOSPHERE RESERVES

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A Biosphere Reserve is a unique and representative ecosystem of terrestrial and coastal areas, which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program. There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, out of which 9 Biosphere Reserves have been recognized by the UNESCO on World Network of Biosphere Reserves.  Established in September 1986, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve  is the first biosphere reserves of India.  There are about 2,000 species of birds in India that account to 13 percent of the world’s total.  There are about 2,546 species of fish in India that account to 12 percent of the world’s total.  India has about 5 to 8 percent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.  India is the only country in  the whole world where both tigers and lions  are found. Gir forest in Gujarat is the natural habitat of lion in India. Tigers are found in the Sundarbans of West Bengal, and the forests of Madhya Pradesh and Himalayan region. 
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