India-Physiography-Northern and Northeastern Mountains

Northern and Northeastern Mountains 

  The Northern and the Northeastern Mountains consist of the Himalayas and the Northeastern hills.
  The Himalayan Ranges  include  the  Greater Himalaya,  Lesser/Middle Himalaya, and the Siwalik Range.

  Based on relief, alignment of ranges and other geomorphological features, the Himalayas can be divided into the following sub-divisions:

  1.   Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas 
  2.   Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas 
  3.   Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas 
  4.   Arunachal Himalayas 
  5.   Eastern Hills and Mountains. 


1) Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas 
Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas consist of a series of ranges such as the Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar, and Pir Panjal.
Important glaciers of South Asia, i.e., the Baltoro and Siachen are found in the Northwestern Himalayan region. The Kashmir Himalayas are also popular for the Karewa formations, which are
useful for the cultivation of Zafran, a local variety of saffron. Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines.
Important passes of the Northwestern Himalayas are  Zoji La  on the Great Himalayas, Banihal on the Pir Panjal, and Khardung La on the Ladakh range.
Important fresh lakes are Dal and Wular and salt water lakes are Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri.
The southernmost part of the Northwestern Himalayas consists of longitudinal valleys locally known as duns.

2) Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas 
 The Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas are located approximately between the rivers Ravi in the west and the Kali (a tributary of Ghaghara) in the east.

3) Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas 
The Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas are flanked by the Nepal Himalayas in the west and the Bhutan Himalayas in the east.

4) Arunachal Himalayas 
 The Arunachal Himalayas extend from the east of the Bhutan Himalayas up to the Diphu pass in the east. Some of the prominent tribes of Arunachal Himalayas from west to east are the
Monpa, Abor, Mishmi, Nyishi, and the Nagas.

5) Eastern Hills and Mountains 
Located in the  northeast  India, the Eastern Hills  i.e.  parts of the Himalayan mountains are known by different local names. They are known as Patkai Bum, Naga hills, the Manipur hills in the North, and Mizo or Lushai hills in the South.








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