SYLLABUS- MAINS - Geography (Optional)



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India-Physiography-Northern and Northeastern Mountains

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Northern and Northeastern Mountains    The Northern and the Northeastern Mountains consist of the Himalayas and the Northeastern hills.   The Himalayan Ranges  include  the  Greater Himalaya,  Lesser/Middle Himalaya, and the Siwalik Range.   Based on relief, alignment of ranges and other geomorphological features, the Himalayas can be divided into the following sub-divisions:   Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas    Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas    Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas    Arunachal Himalayas    Eastern Hills and Mountains.  1) Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas  Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas consist of a series of ranges such as the Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar, and Pir Panjal. Important glaciers of South Asia, i.e., the Baltoro and Siachen are found in the Northwestern Himalayan region. The Kashmir Himalayas are also popular for the Karewa formations, whi...
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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH EAST INDIA

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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH EAST INDIA The North East India region is physiographically not a homogenous unit and the present configuration of this region has taken shape during geologically recent time. But the ultimate result of various geological events took place through the geological past. North East India consists of very ancient Archaean and Shillong series rocks exposed in several parts of the Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Karbi Hills. These rocks are similar to rocks exposed in the rest of the peninsular in Bengal and Bihar of which this was a part at one geological time. All these old rocks form the basement for very much younger Tertiary sediments in upper Assam.    A large part of this region was a landmass upto the formation of the Himalayas about 2,000 million years ago. Then the eastern part of the Khasi Hills, the Jaintia Hills and the Western pat of the Karbi Hills became a basin of sedimentation in which sandstone and shales of the Shillong series were deposi...
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Climatic Regions of India (based on Koeppens Scheme)

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The classification of climate,is a complex exercise. There are different schemes of classification of climate. Major climatic types of India based on Koeppen’s scheme.Koeppen based his scheme of Climatic classification on monthly values of temperature and precipitation. He identified five major climatic types, namely: (i)Tropical climates, where mean monthly temperature throughout the year is over 18°C. (ii)Dry climates, where precipitation is very low in comparison to temperature, and hence, dry. If dryness is less, it is  semi- arid (S); if it is more, the climate is arid(W). (iii)Warm temperate climates, where mean temperature of the coldest month is between 18°C and minus 3°C. (iv) Cool temperate  climates, where mean temperature of  the warmest month is over 10°C, and mean temperature of the coldest month is under minus 3°C. (v)Ice climates, where mean temperature of the warmest month is under 10°C. Koeppen used letter symbols to denote climatic types as giv...
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